Is the system reliability profitable for retailing and consumer service of a dynamical system under cross-price elasticity of demand?

Retailing strategy is one of the most crucial factors for industries. A proper retailing strategy can help to enhance consumer service and increase the industry's profit. An improved approach to retailing is suggested in this research to deliver superior customer service while maximizing profits in a dynamic system. The study analyzes a retailing strategy for a demand with cross-price elasticity upon the retail price. A product's cross-price elasticity and the system reliability are critical factors in retailing. Understanding the cross-price elasticity of demand between products helps retailers to make pricing decisions that maximize profits by maintaining demand. Imperfect products are produced due to an imperfect production system. The imperfect ones must be adjusted with some costs to make them perfect for better retailing. The system failure rate is crucial for retailing under cross-price elasticity of demand patterns. Production system reliability, cross-price elasticity of demand, and consumer service are all essential factors that can impact a company's success in the market. The production rate is considered time- and system failure rate-dependent. Contradictory to the literature, a dynamical system is proposed for improved retail management, which is solved using the Euler-Lagrange theory. Finally, one can achieve the expected maximum profit for this retail system with optimum selling prices for different products by reducing the system failure rate. Some numerical illustrations with graphical representations are provided to validate the current study. Numerical examples show that applying cross-price elasticity of demand for more than two identical products provides 35% more profit for the retail industry than a single type of product.     

The Effect of Regulatory Harmonization on Cross‐Border Labor Migration: Evidence from the Accounting Profession

The paper examines whether international regulatory harmonization increases cross‐border labor migration. To study this question, we analyze European Union initiatives that harmonized accounting and auditing standards. Regulatory harmonization should reduce economic mobility barriers, essentially making it easier for accounting professionals to move across countries. Our research design compares the cross‐border migration of accounting professionals relative to tightly matched other professionals before and after regulatory harmonization. We find that international labor migration in the accounting profession increases significantly relative to other professions. We provide evidence that this effect is due to harmonization, rather than increases in the demand for accounting services during the implementation of the rule changes. The findings illustrate that diversity in rules constitutes an economic barrier to cross‐border labor mobility and, more specifically, that accounting harmonization can have a meaningful effect on cross‐border migration.     

供需结构优化、分配结构演化与2035年共同富裕目标展望

共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求,中国推动经济社会发展,归根结底是要实现全体人民共同富裕。新发展阶段下中国既要优化供需结构以加快构建新发展格局,又要改善分配结构以全面贯彻新发展理念,而供需结构优化与分配结构演化又是紧密关联的。本文建立了一个包含供给结构、需求结构和分配结构的多部门动态一般均衡模型,将分配结构演化分解到供给结构与需求结构转型上,提出了需求结构通过影响供给结构进而影响分配结构的理论机制。本文对近三十年全球四十余个经济体劳动收入份额和技能溢价的演化进行了发展核算,展示了中国分配结构演化的特征事实、供需动因与国际比较。研究发现,中国分配结构演化道路具有一定的特殊性:一方面,劳动收入份额转为上升,供给侧(需求侧)最主要的推动力是持续提高的劳动密集型产业(消费品)的劳动密集程度;另一方面,技能溢价不断扩大,供给侧(需求侧)最主要的推动力是持续提高的产业内部(消费品)的技能密集程度;供需结构转型在其中也发挥了重要作用。本文还基于历史趋势定量预测了未来中国分配结构的演化趋势,为实现2035年共同富裕目标提供了现实依据与政策参考。     

环境质量变化对游客福利的影响——基于旅行费用和条件行为联合数据

环境质量是影响游客旅游需求及福利的重要因素,但单一使用陈述性偏好法或揭示性偏好法仍存在诸多局限性。为探究环境质量改变对游客需求及福利变化的具体影响,结合旅行费用与条件行为数据,在明确现有环境质量状况下景区价值基础上,评估环境质量改善与恶化两种情景下,游客消费者剩余的变化。结果表明,环境质量改变直接影响旅行次数,从而增加或减少消费者剩余,但不会通过影响游客旅行费用间接改变消费者剩余,实际行为与条件行为数据偏好存在一致性;白洋淀景区当前消费者剩余为909.09元/次;环境质量改善使游客平均旅行次数增加1.45次/年,并使每位游客每年的消费者剩余增加1 318.18元;环境质量恶化使游客平均旅行次数降低1.41次/年,并使每位游客每年的消费者剩余减少1 281.81元。     

基于生态系统服务空间流的洪涝调节 服务需求制图与生态空间优先级识别

中国快速城市化地区面临严重洪涝风险和洪涝调节 服务供需空间的分离。为识别在满足洪涝调节服务需求方面重 要性高的生态空间以纳入保护的优先级,提出了一种在生态空 间中绘制洪涝调节服务需求的新技术：基于生态系统服务空间 流,利用流量、流边界、流方向、分配原则及其修正因子4个 多维指标,表征将服务需求从建设空间向生态空间分配与投射 过程的关键环节。结果显示：面积大、人口密度高的建设空间 存在高需求流量;借助水文空间流,服务需求由建设空间被分 配至同一集水区内具有洪涝调节能力的生态空间中;被投射为 高服务需求的生态空间大多规模较大或紧邻高需求的建成空 间。通过控制流量、扩展流区域、增加流方向和提升生态空间 服务供应能力,能有效调控投射于生态空间内的洪涝调节服务 高需求。     

Technological Progress and Youth Employment in South Korea

ABSTRACT

This paper analyzes the extent to which technology progress and youth employment are related. In doing so, we divide workers into two groups – young workers and old (prime-aged) workers - and then estimate the elasticity of substitution between (physical) capital and workers à la Jaimovich et al. (2013. “The Demand for Youth: Explaining Age Differences in the Volatility of Hours.” American Economic Review 103 (7): 3022–3044) by using the Korean labour market data between 2000 and 2014. Our findings indicate that the elasticity of substitution is greater (or at least not smaller) for young workers than for old workers.     

个人所得税改革对居民消费的效应评价与完善路径

当前我国居民消费不足的最主要原因在于居民收入水平不高、国民收入分配失衡,所以2018年个人所得税改革的重点是提高费用扣除标准、调整税率结构,降低纳税人负担,增加纳税人可支配收入,提高居民消费水平。要进一步促进居民消费,个人所得税有必要继续减税,同时进一步调节收入分配差距,使收入分配更加公平。具体对策包括:将专项附加扣除中的子女教育支出范围扩大为子女养育支出,增加家庭合并征税模式,费用扣除标准指数化动态调整,进一步优化税率结构,建立负所得税制度。     

信任视角下的家庭借贷行为研究

基于2015年和2017年中国家庭金融调查数据,本文实证研究发现,信任能够提高家庭正规信贷可得性,降低家庭使用非正规信贷的概率。进一步地,信贷可得性的差异带来家庭负债结构的变化,信任能够提升家庭正规信贷占比,降低非正规信贷占比。信任提升家庭资金借出概率,但这种关系并不是单调递增的,而是存在适度信任现象。异质性分析表明,在户主文化程度低的家庭和农村地区家庭,信任对借出的影响更大。因此,本文的结果表明,信任能够在一定程度上缓解家庭融资的困难。     

乡村振兴金融服务中涉农贷款增长放缓问题调查与思考——以安徽为例

在当前乡村振兴金融服务中涉农贷款增长放缓问题突出。通过对安徽省数据进行分析和重点调研省内8个地市有关情况,我们认为导致涉农贷款增长放缓的原因是多方面的,既有需求下降的原因,也有供给不足的问题,此外统计范围变化和不良贷款处置也对涉农贷款增长产生了影响。针对涉农信贷中存在的问题,本文提出了加强涉农金融产品创新、加大不良贷款处置、强化风险分担、避免政策"一刀切"和完善统计制度等相关政策建议。     

Structural Changes in the Labor Market and the Rise of Early Retirement in France and Germany

The rise of early retirement in Europe is typically attributed to the European system of taxes and transfers. A model with an imperfectly competitive labor market allows us to consider also the effects of bargaining power and of matching efficiency on pre‐retirement. We find that lower bargaining power of workers and declining matching efficiency have been important determinants of early retirement in France and Germany. These structural changes, combined with early retirement transfers and population aging, are also consistent with the employment and unemployment rates, labor share and seniority premia.